शेयर बाजार में जब कोई नया व्यक्ति कदम रखता है तो उसे समझ नहीं आता है कि मुझे कैसे स्टॉक मार्केट में शुरुआत करनी चाहिए मतलब मुझे सबसे पहले क्या सीखना चाहिए. तो आज मैं आपको ऐसे 20 पॉइंट बताने वाला हूं जो आपको अपनी शेयर मार्केट की जर्नी शुरू करने से पहले सीखने पर फोकस करना चाहिए, अगर आपने इन सभी पॉइंट को सीख लिया तो समझ लीजिए आपने शेयर बाजार के basic concepts को भी क्लियर कर लिया.
Share market mein sabse pahle sikhne ke liye kuch aise fundamentals hote hain jo investor ko samajhna chahiye, taaki wo informed aur safe decisions le sake.
Agar aap naye hain to yeh 10 important points aapko stock market ke basic se lekar decision-making tak ka roadmap dikhayenge
1. Stock Market Kya Hai?
Kya sikhna hai? Sabse pahle samajhna chahiye ki stock market ek jagah hai jahan companies ke shares kharide aur beche jaate hain. Yeh ek platform hai jahan investors apne paison ka istamaal karke ownership ke hissedar bante hain.
Kyon zaroori hai? Stock market ka structure samajhna jaruri hai taaki aapko pata chale ki aap shares kharid kar ek company mein hissa le rahe hain.
Example Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) aur National Stock Exchange (NSE) do bade stock exchanges hain India mein, jahan trading hoti hai.
2. Shares ya Stocks Kya Hote Hain?
Kya sikhna hai? Shares ka matlab hota hai kisi company mein ownership ka ek part. Jab aap kisi company ke shares kharidte hain, toh aap us company ke ek chhote hissa ban jaate hain.
Kyon zaroori hai? Jab aap shares kharid rahe hain, toh yeh samajhna zaruri hai ki aap ek investor ke taur par company ke business mein directly invest kar rahe hain.
Example: Agar aap Infosys ke 100 shares kharidte hain, toh aap Infosys ke ek small hissa ban gaye, aur agar company ka profit badhta hai, toh aapka fayda hota hai.
3. Risk and Reward Samajhna
Kya sikhna hai? Har investment risk ke sath aata hai. Stock market mein high risk ka matlab hota hai ki reward bhi high ho sakta hai, lekin loss ka risk bhi hota hai. Market volatility ko samajhna zaruri hai.
Kyon zaroori hai? Risk aur reward ko samajhne se aap apni risk appetite ko pehchan paenge aur according decision le paenge.
Example Smallcap stocks zyada risky hote hain, lekin kabhikabhi unmein high returns ka potential hota hai. Bluechip stocks jaise HDFC Bank relatively safe investments hote hain.
4. Fundamental Analysis
Kya sikhna hai? Fundamental analysis ka matlab hai company ki financial health ko dekhna, jaise revenue, profit, debt, management quality, aur market position.
Kyon zaroori hai? Fundamental analysis aapko ye samjhata hai ki company ka business model strong hai ya nahi, aur longterm mein stock profitable hoga ya nahi.
Example Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) ka strong financial track record hai, isliye log isme longterm investment karte hain.
5. Technical Analysis
Kya sikhna hai? Technical analysis ke madhyam se aap stock ke price movement ko charts aur indicators ke through samajhte hain. Isme price trends aur patterns ka study hota hai.
Kyon zaroori hai? Technical analysis short-term traders ke liye helpful hota hai taaki wo price ke upar ya neeche hone ka andaza laga saken.
Example Agar aap Reliance Industries ka price chart dekhte hain aur ek “upward trend” dekhte hain, toh aapko lag sakta hai ki stock aur badhega.
6. Types of Stocks
Kya sikhna hai? Stock market mein alag-alag tarah ke stocks hote hain jaise large cap, midcap, smallcap, growth stocks, value stocks, etc.
Kyon zaroori hai? Alagalag types ke stocks ke risk aur returns alag hote hain. Har investor ka risk tolerance alag hota hai, isliye sahi stock ka chunav zaruri hai.
Example HDFC Bank ek largecap stock hai, jo zyada stable hota hai, jabki Tata Elxsi ek midcap stock hai, jo risk aur growth dono offer karta hai.
7. Stock Market Index
Kya sikhna hai? Stock market index jaise Sensex aur Nifty, overall market ke health ka indicator hote hain. Yeh un companies ka group hota hai jo market ki performance ko represent karti hain.
Kyon zaroori hai? Index ko samajhne se aapko market ka overall trend samajh mein aata hai, ki market bullish (upar) hai ya bearish (neeche).
Example Sensex top 30 companies ko track karta hai jo market ki overall health ko dikhata hai.
8. Portfolio Diversification
Kya sikhna hai? Portfolio diversification ka matlab hai apne paise ko alag-alag stocks, sectors, aur asset classes mein lagana, taaki aapka risk kum ho.
Kyon zaroori hai? Agar aap apne paise ek hi stock ya sector mein lagate hain aur wo fail hota hai, toh aapko zyada loss hoga. Diversification se yeh risk kam ho jata hai.
Example Agar aapne Reliance, Tata Motors, aur HUL ke stocks kharide hain, toh aapne energy, auto, aur FMCG sector mein diversify kar diya hai.
9. Market Sentiment aur Timing
Kya sikhna hai? Market sentiment ka matlab hota hai investors ka mood ya feeling stock market ke baare mein. Timing ka matlab hai sahi waqt pe shares kharidna ya bechna.
Kyon zaroori hai? Market ke mood aur right timing ko samajhna ek important skill hai, kyunki kabhi-kabhi panic mein market neeche girta hai aur kabhi zyada optimism ke karan stocks badhte hain.
Example 2020 ke Covid-19 market crash ke dauran, jinhone girawat ke dauran shares kharide, unhone recovery ke baad achha profit kamaya.
10. StopLoss aur Target Setting
Kya sikhna hai? Stoploss ek pre-decided level hota hai jahan aap apna stock bech kar loss limit kar lete hain. Target setting ka matlab hota hai apni profit expectations set karna.
Kyon zaroori hai? Stoploss lagane se aap apne potential losses ko control kar sakte hain, aur target setting se aap disciplined investor ban sakte hain.
Example Agar aapne Infosys ke shares Rs. 1500 mein kharide hain aur stoploss Rs. 1400 lagaya hai, toh agar stock neeche gira, aapka loss limit ho jayega.
11. Bull aur Bear Market
Kya sikhna hai? Bull market tab hota hai jab market upar ki taraf badh raha hota hai, aur bear market tab hota hai jab market neeche gir raha hota hai. In markets ke patterns ko samajhna jaruri hai.
Kyon zaroori hai? In terms ko samajhne se aap market ke cycle ke hisaab se apne investments ko adjust kar sakte hain.
Example 2003-2007 ek bull market ka period tha jab stock prices lagataar badh rahe the, aur 2008 ka financial crisis bear market ka example hai jab market sharply gir gaya tha.
12. Dividend Stocks vs Growth Stocks
Kya sikhna hai? Dividend stocks woh hote hain jo regular dividend payout dete hain, jabki growth stocks apne profit ko reinvest karte hain aur dividend nahi dete.
Kyon zaroori hai? Aapko yeh samajhna chahiye ki aapko consistent income chahiye ya longterm growth. Dividend stocks stable income ke liye achhe hote hain, aur growth stocks zyada returns ke liye.
Example Coal India ek dividend stock hai, jabki Infosys ek growth stock ke roop mein jaana jata hai.
13. Initial Public Offering (IPO)
Kya sikhna hai? Jab koi company pehli baar apne shares public ko offer karti hai, to us process ko IPO kehte hain. Iska fayda uthane ke liye IPO ko samajhna zaroori hai.
Kyon zaroori hai? IPOs mein early investment karne se aapko initial stage par hi multibagger stocks mil sakte hain, lekin risk bhi hota hai.
Example Zomato ne 2021 mein apna IPO launch kiya tha, jo kaafi popular raha, lekin uske baad stock kaafi volatile raha.
14. Market Orders vs Limit Orders
Kya sikhna hai? Market order ka matlab hai aap turant current price par stock kharidna/bechna chahte hain, jabki limit order ka matlab hai ki aap ek certain price par transaction karna chahte hain.
Kyon zaroori hai? Limit orders ka fayda ye hota hai ki aap apni price set karte hain aur market ke price fluctuations ka fayda utha sakte hain.
Example Agar aap Tata Steel ka share Rs. 800 par kharidna chahte hain aur abhi uska price Rs. 820 hai, toh aap limit order dal kar Rs. 800 ke price par wait kar sakte hain.
15. Systematic Investment Plan (SIP)
Kya sikhna hai? SIP ek systematic tariqa hai jisme aap fixed amount regular intervals par invest karte hain, usually mutual funds mein. Yeh stock market mein indirectly invest karne ka ek popular method hai.
Kyon zaroori hai? SIP market volatility ke risk ko reduce karta hai, aur longterm investing ko systematic banata hai.
Example Agar aap HDFC Equity Fund mein har mahine Rs. 5000 invest karte hain, toh aap ek SIP ke through mutual fund ke zariye market mein invest kar rahe hain.
16. Compounding Ka Power
Kya sikhna hai? Compounding ka matlab hai ki aapke investments ka interest bhi interest kamaane lage. Longterm investing mein compounding aapke returns ko kaafi badha sakta hai.
Kyon zaroori hai? Compounding ke zariye aap small investments se longterm mein bade returns kama sakte hain, isliye patience aur time horizon ka mahatva samajhna chahiye.
Example Agar aap 10 saal ke liye Rs. 1 lakh ko 12% ke annual return par invest karte hain, toh aapka investment 3 lakh se zyada ho jayega compounding ke karan.
17. Sector Analysis
Kya sikhna hai? Sector analysis ka matlab hai alag-alag industries ko samajhna, jaise IT, banking, pharma, FMCG, etc. Har sector ka apna business cycle hota hai aur risk/returns ka profile hota hai.
Kyon zaroori hai? Sahi sector ka chunav karne se aap un industries mein invest kar sakte hain jaha growth potential zyada ho.
Example Pharma sector mein Covid-19 ke dauran kaafi growth dekhi gayi, jabki real estate sector neeche tha.
18. Macroeconomic Factors
Kya sikhna hai? Macroeconomic factors jaise inflation, interest rates, GDP growth, aur global events market par bahut asar dalte hain. Inhe samajhna stock market trends ko samajhne ke liye jaruri hai.
Kyon zaroori hai? Aapko ye samajhna padega ki kaise global aur national economic conditions aapke investments ko prabhavit kar sakte hain.
Example Agar RBI interest rates badhata hai, toh banking stocks jaise HDFC Bank ka stock price prabhavit ho sakta hai.
19. Brokerage Fees aur Charges
Kya sikhna hai? Stock trading karte samay brokerage fees aur other charges ko samajhna zaruri hai, jisme transaction charges, STT, GST, etc. shamil hote hain.
Kyon zaroori hai? Brokerage charges aapke profits ko directly affect karte hain. Kam brokerage fees waale brokers ka chunav karna hamesha faydemand hota hai.
Example Zerodha aur Upstox jaise brokers discount brokerage services dete hain jo longterm investors ke liye cost-effective hoti hain.
20. Stock Market Regulations (SEBI Rules)
Kya sikhna hai? Stock market mein Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) kaafi important role play karta hai. Yeh organization market ko regulate karti hai aur investors ke hiton ki raksha karti hai.
Kyon zaroori hai? Market regulations ko samajhne se aap illegal activities se bache rahenge aur apna paisa safe invest karenge.
Example Insider trading illegal hai, aur SEBI ke rules ke tahat agar koi confidential information use karke stock trading karta hai, toh uspar fine ya jail ho sakta hai.
Conclusion
Stock market mein sikhne ka process patience aur practice maangta hai. Sabse pahle basics samajhna zaruri hai jaise market kaise kaam karta hai, kaunse types ke stocks hain, risk kaise manage karte hain, aur kaise decisions lete hain.
Yeh 10 points aapko ek strong foundation denge taaki aap aage jaake achhe investments kar sakein aur profitable ban sakein.
